Cervical Cancer Basics

Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, most often near the junction of squamous and glandular cells. Infection with a cancer-causing type of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the central cause of almost all cervical precancers and cancers. Most HPV infections are transient. Risk increases when a high-risk infection persists and produces abnormal cervical cells. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precancerous lesion; an invasive cancer has extended beyond the epithelium into cervical stroma and may spread locally or through lymphatic or blood vessels. This usually gradual sequence creates opportunities to prevent invasive disease. Screening can identify high-risk HPV infection or abnormal cells before symptoms develop, and treatment of a high-grade precursor can prevent progression. HPV vaccination prevents disease caused by vaccine-covered types but does not treat an infection or cervical lesion that is already present. A vaccinated person with a cervix still follows the applicable provincial or territorial screening program because other high-risk types remain possible. Use inclusive, matter-of-fact language: eligibility is based on having a cervix, not gender identity. Ask what words the patient uses for anatomy, explain each step...